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Beranda / Inside the Hills I See No Men Their Words Are Merely Echos Within the Wood Again

Inside the Hills I See No Men Their Words Are Merely Echos Within the Wood Again

Nonsense verse form by Lewis Carroll

"Jabberwocky" is a nonsense verse form written by Lewis Carroll nigh the killing of a beast named "the Jabberwock". It was included in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, the sequel to Alice'due south Adventures in Wonderland (1865). The volume tells of Alice's adventures within the back-to-forepart world of Looking-Glass Land.

In an early on scene in which she first encounters the chess piece characters White King and White Queen, Alice finds a book written in a seemingly unintelligible language. Realising that she is travelling through an inverted earth, she recognises that the verses on the pages are written in mirror-writing. She holds a mirror to one of the poems and reads the reflected poetry of "Jabberwocky". She finds the nonsense verse every bit puzzling as the odd land she has passed into, later revealed as a dreamscape.[1]

"Jabberwocky" is considered i of the greatest nonsense poems written in English.[2] [3] Its playful, whimsical language has given English nonsense words and neologisms such equally "galumphing" and "chortle".

Origin and publication [edit]

A decade earlier the publication of Alice'southward Adventures in Wonderland and the sequel Through the Looking-Glass, Carroll wrote the offset stanza to what would become "Jabberwocky" while in Croft on Tees, close to Darlington, where he had lived as a child. Information technology was printed in 1855 in Mischmasch, a journal he wrote and illustrated for the amusement of his family. The slice was titled "Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry" and read:

Twas bryllyg, and ye slythy toves
Did whorl and gymble in ydue east wabe:
All mimsy were ye borogoves;
And ye mome raths outgrabe.

Carroll wrote the letter of the alphabet-combination ye for the give-and-take the in lodge to approximate the Middle and Early Mod English scribal abridgement EME ye.svg - a variant of the letter Þ (thorn) combined with the superscript form of the letter "eastward". The stanza is printed kickoff in faux-mediaeval lettering as a "relic of ancient Poetry" and printed again on the same folio "in modern characters".[4]

The residue of the poem was written during Carroll'southward stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland. The story may take been partly inspired by the local Sunderland expanse legend of the Lambton Worm[5] [6] and the tale of the Sockburn Worm.[7]

The concept of nonsense verse was not original to Carroll, who would have known of chapbooks such equally The World Turned Upside Down [8] and stories such as "The Grand Panjandrum". Nonsense existed in Shakespeare's work and was well-known in the Brothers Grimm's fairytales, some of which are called lying tales or lügenmärchen.[9] Roger Lancelyn Light-green suggests that "Jabberwocky" is a parody of the former German ballad "The Shepherd of the Behemothic Mountains" in which a shepherd kills a griffin that is attacking his sheep.[ten] [11] [12] The ballad had been translated into English in bare verse by Carroll'southward cousin Menella Bute Smedley in 1846, many years before the advent of the Alice books.[xi] [13] Historian Sean B. Palmer suggests that Carroll was inspired by a section from Shakespeare'due south Hamlet, citing the lines: "The graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead/Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets" from Act I, Scene i.[14] [15]

John Tenniel reluctantly agreed to illustrate the book in 1871,[16] and his illustrations are still the defining images of the verse form. The illustration of the Jabberwock may reflect the contemporary Victorian obsession with natural history and the fast-evolving sciences of palaeontology and geology. Stephen Prickett notes that in the context of Darwin and Mantell'south publications and vast exhibitions of dinosaurs, such as those at the Crystal Palace from 1854, it is unsurprising that Tenniel gave the Jabberwock "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod."[16]

Lexicon [edit]

"Jabberwocky"

'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

"Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!"

He took his vorpal sword in mitt:
Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he past the Tumtum tree,
And stood awhile in thought.

And as in uffish thought he stood,
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
And burbled every bit information technology came!

One, two! I, two! And through and through
The vorpal bract went snicker-snack!
He left it expressionless, and with its head
He went galumphing back.

"And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my artillery, my beamish boy!
O frabjous 24-hour interval! Callooh! Callay!"
He chortled in his joy.

'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did scroll and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

from Through the Looking-Drinking glass, and
What Alice Found There (1871)

Many of the words in the poem are playful nonce words of Carroll'due south own invention, without intended explicit significant. When Alice has finished reading the poem she gives her impressions:

"It seems very pretty," she said when she had finished it, "simply it's rather hard to understand!" (You lot come across she didn't like to confess, fifty-fifty to herself, that she couldn't make it out at all.) "Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas—only I don't exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that'due south articulate, at any rate."[1]

This may reverberate Carroll's intention for his readership; the poem is, subsequently all, part of a dream. In later writings he discussed some of his lexicon, commenting that he did not know the specific meanings or sources of some of the words; the linguistic ambiguity and uncertainty throughout both the volume and the poem may largely be the bespeak.[17]

In Through the Looking-Glass, the grapheme of Humpty Dumpty, in response to Alice'south request, explains to her the not-sense words from the first stanza of the verse form, simply Carroll'southward personal commentary on several of the words differ from Humpty Dumpty'southward. For example, following the verse form, a "rath" is described past Humpty Dumpty as "a sort of green pig".[18] Carroll's notes for the original in Mischmasch suggest a "rath" is "a species of Badger" that "lived chiefly on cheese" and had smooth white pilus, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag.[xix] The appendices to certain Looking Drinking glass editions state that the creature is "a species of state turtle" that lived on swallows and oysters.[nineteen] Later critics added their own interpretations of the lexicon, often without reference to Carroll'southward ain contextual commentary. An extended analysis of the poem and Carroll'southward commentary is given in the book The Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner.

In 1868 Carroll asked his publishers, Macmillan, "Accept you lot any means, or tin you observe any, for printing a page or two in the side by side volume of Alice in contrary?" It may be that Carroll was wanting to print the whole poem in mirror writing. Macmillan responded that information technology would toll a cracking deal more to do, and this may have dissuaded him.[19]

In the author's note to the Christmas 1896 edition of Through the Looking-Glass Carroll writes, "The new words, in the poem Jabberwocky, accept given ascent to some differences of opinion as to their pronunciation, so it may exist well to give instructions on that point as well. Pronounce 'slithy' as if it were the ii words, 'sly, thee': make the 'g' hard in 'gyre' and 'gimble': and pronounce 'rath' to rhyme with 'bathroom'."[20]

In the Preface to The Hunting of the Snark, Carroll wrote, "[Let] me take this opportunity of answering a question that has oft been asked me, how to pronounce 'slithy toves'. The 'i' in 'slithy' is long, as in 'writhe', and 'toves' is pronounced so as to rhyme with 'groves'. Over again, the first "o" in "borogoves" is pronounced similar the 'o' in 'infringe'. I have heard people try to give information technology the sound of the 'o' in 'worry'. Such is Human Perversity."[21]

Possible interpretations of words [edit]

  • Bandersnatch: A swift moving creature with snapping jaws, capable of extending its cervix.[21] A 'bander' was also an archaic discussion for a 'leader', suggesting that a 'bandersnatch' might be an fauna that hunts the leader of a group.[19]
  • Beamish: Radiantly beaming, happy, cheerful. Although Carroll may have believed he had coined this give-and-take, usage in 1530 is cited in the Oxford English Dictionary.[22]
  • Borogove: Following the poem Humpty Dumpty says: "'borogove' is a sparse shabby-looking bird with its feathers sticking out all round, something similar a live mop." In Mischmasch borogoves are described differently: "An extinct kind of Parrot. They had no wings, beaks turned up, and made their nests nether sunday-dials: lived on veal."[19] In Hunting of the Snark, Carroll says that the initial syllable of borogove is pronounced as in borrow rather than as in worry.[21]
  • Brillig: Following the verse form, the character of Humpty Dumpty comments: "'Brillig' ways four o'clock in the afternoon, the time when you brainstorm broiling things for dinner."[eighteen] According to Mischmasch, information technology is derived from the verb to bryl or bake.
  • Burbled: In a letter of December 1877, Carroll notes that "burble" could be a mixture of the three verbs 'squeal', 'murmur', and 'warble', although he did not retrieve creating information technology.[22] [23]
  • Chortled: "Combination of 'chuckle' and 'snort'." (OED)
  • Frabjous: Possibly a blend of fair, fabled, and joyous. Definition from Oxford English language Dictionary, credited to Lewis Carroll.
  • Frumious: Combination of "fuming" and "furious". In the Preface to The Hunting of the Snark Carroll comments, "[T]ake the two words 'fuming' and 'furious'. Make upwardly your mind that you will say both words, simply leave it unsettled which yous will say starting time. Now open your mouth and speak. If your thoughts incline ever and then little towards 'fuming', you volition say 'fuming-furious'; if they turn, past even a hair's breadth, towards 'furious', you will say 'furious-fuming'; but if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced listen, yous will say 'frumious'."[21]
  • Galumphing: Mayhap used in the poem as a blend of 'gallop' and 'triumphant'.[22] Used later by Kipling, and cited by Webster as "To move with a clumsy and heavy tread"[24] [25]
  • Gimble: Humpty Dumpty comments that it means: "to make holes like a gimlet."[18]
  • Gyre: "To 'gyre' is to go round and circular like a gyroscope."[eighteen] Gyre is entered in the OED from 1420, meaning a circular or spiral move or form; especially a giant circular oceanic surface current. Carroll as well wrote in Mischmasch that it meant to scratch similar a dog.[19] The k is pronounced like the /g/ in gold, not like gem (since this was how "gyroscope" was pronounced in Carroll's day).[26]
  • Jabberwock: When a course in the Girls' Latin Schoolhouse in Boston asked Carroll's permission to name their schoolhouse magazine The Jabberwock, he replied: "The Anglo-Saxon discussion 'wocer' or 'wocor' signifies 'offspring' or 'fruit'. Taking 'jabber' in its ordinary acceptation of 'excited and voluble discussion', this would give the meaning of 'the consequence of much excited and voluble discussion'..."[19] It is often depicted equally a monster similar to a dragon. John Tenniel'south analogy depicts information technology with a long serpentine cervix, rabbit-like teeth, spidery talons, bat-similar wings and, as a humorous impact, a waistcoat. In the 2010 motion-picture show version of Alice in Wonderland it is shown with big back legs, pocket-size dinosaur-similar front legs, and on the ground it uses its wings equally front legs like a pterosaur, and information technology breathes out lightning flashes rather than flame.
  • Jubjub bird: 'A drastic bird that lives in perpetual passion', co-ordinate to the Butcher in Carroll's later verse form The Hunting of the Snark.[21] 'Jub' is an aboriginal give-and-take for a jerkin or a dialect word for the trot of a horse (OED). It might brand reference to the call of the bird resembling the sound "jub, jub".[19]
  • Manxome: Possibly 'fearsome'; Possibly a portmanteau of "manly" and "buxom", the latter relating to men for about of its history; or "3-legged" subsequently the triskelion keepsake of the Manx people from the Isle of Man.
  • Mimsy: Humpty Dumpty comments that "'Mimsy' is 'flimsy and miserable'".[18]
  • Mome: Humpty Dumpty is uncertain about this one: "I think it's short for 'from habitation', meaning that they'd lost their way, yous know". The notes in Mischmasch give a different definition of 'grave' (via 'solemome', 'solemone' and 'solemn').
  • Outgrabe: Humpty Dumpty says "'outgribing' is something betwixt bellowing and whistling, with a kind of sneeze in the middle".[18] Carroll's book appendices suggest it is the past tense of the verb to 'outgribe', connected with the old verb to 'grike' or 'shrike', which derived 'shriek' and 'creak' and hence 'squeak'.[19]
  • Rath: Humpty Dumpty says post-obit the poem: "A 'rath' is a sort of green pig". Carroll'south notes for the original in Mischmasch country that a 'Rath' is "a species of land turtle. Head erect, mouth like a shark, the front forelegs curved out so that the animal walked on its knees, smooth dark-green body, lived on swallows and oysters."[19] In the 1951 animated moving picture adaptation of the previous volume, the raths are depicted equally small, multi-coloured creatures with tufty hair, round optics, and long legs resembling pipe stems.
  • Slithy: Humpty Dumpty says: "'Slithy' means 'lithe and slimy'. 'Lithe' is the same equally 'active'. Yous see information technology's similar a portmanteau, at that place are two meanings packed upwardly into one give-and-take."[18] The original in Mischmasch notes that 'slithy' means "smooth and agile".[nineteen] The i is long, as in writhe.
  • Snicker-snack: possibly related to the large knife, the snickersnee.[22]
  • Tove: Humpty Dumpty says "'Toves' are something similar badgers, they're something like lizards, and they're something like corkscrews. ... Besides they brand their nests under lord's day-dials, also they live on cheese."[eighteen] Pronounced so as to rhyme with groves.[21] They "scroll and gimble", i.eastward., rotate and bore. Toves are described slightly differently in Mischmasch: "a species of Annoy [which] had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and brusk horns like a stag [and] lived chiefly on cheese".[19]
  • Tulgey: Carroll himself said he could give no source for this word. Information technology could be taken to mean thick, dense, dark. It has been suggested that it comes from the Anglo-Cornish word tulgu, 'darkness', which in turn comes from Cornish tewolgow 'darkness, gloominess'.[27]
  • Uffish: Carroll noted, "It seemed to propose a state of mind when the vox is gruffish, the mode roughish, and the atmosphere huffish".[22] [23]
  • Vorpal: Carroll said he could not explain this discussion, though it has been noted that information technology can be formed by taking letters alternately from "verbal" and "gospel".[28] It has appeared in dictionaries as meaning both 'deadly' and 'extremely sharp'. [29]
  • Wabe: The characters in the poem suggest it means "The grass plot around a sundial", chosen a 'wa-exist' because it "goes a long mode before it, and a long way behind it".[18] In the original Mischmasch text, Carroll states a 'wabe' is "the side of a hill (from its being soaked by rain)".[nineteen]

Linguistics and poetics [edit]

Humpty Dumpty who explains to Alice the definitions of some of the words in "Jabberwocky". Illustration by John Tenniel, 1871

Though the verse form contains many nonsensical words, English syntax and poetic forms are observed, such equally the quatrain verses, the general ABAB rhyme scheme and the iambic meter.[30] Linguist Peter Lucas believes the "nonsense" term is inaccurate. The verse form relies on a baloney of sense rather than "non-sense", allowing the reader to infer significant and therefore appoint with narrative while lexical allusions swim under the surface of the poem.[ten] [31]

Marnie Parsons describes the work as a "semiotic ending", arguing that the words create a discernible narrative within the construction of the poem, though the reader cannot know what they symbolise. She argues that Humpty Dumpty tries, afterward the recitation, to "ground" the unruly multiplicities of meaning with definitions, just cannot succeed as both the book and the poem are playgrounds for the "carnivalised aspect of linguistic communication". Parsons suggests that this is mirrored in the prosody of the poem: in the tussle between the tetrameter in the first 3 lines of each stanza and trimeter in the final lines, such that one undercuts the other and we are left off residue, like the verse form'south hero.[17]

Carroll wrote many verse form parodies such equally "Twinkle, twinkle fiddling bat", "You Are Former, Father William" and "How Doth the Little Crocodile?" Some take become generally meliorate known than the originals on which they are based, and this is certainly the case with "Jabberwocky".[x] The poems' successes practise not rely on whatsoever recognition or association of the poems that they parody. Lucas suggests that the original poems provide a potent container merely Carroll'south works are famous precisely because of their random, surreal quality.[10] Carroll's grave playfulness has been compared with that of the poet Edward Lear; there are as well parallels with the piece of work of Gerard Manley Hopkins in the frequent employ of soundplay, alliteration, created-language and portmanteau. Both writers were Carroll'south contemporaries.[17]

Translations [edit]

History [edit]

"Jabberwocky" has been translated into numerous languages,[32] equally the novel has been translated into 65 languages.[33] The translation might be difficult because the verse form holds to English language syntax and many of the master words of the poem are invented. Translators have generally dealt with them by creating equivalent words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or audio to Carroll's while respecting the morphology of the language they are beingness translated into. In Frank L. Warrin'south French translation, "'Twas brillig" becomes "Il brilgue". In instances like this, both the original and the invented words echo bodily words of Carroll's lexicon, but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Translators have invented words which depict on root words with meanings similar to the English language roots used by Carroll. Douglas Hofstadter noted in his essay "Translations of Jabberwocky", the give-and-take 'slithy', for example, echoes the English 'slimy', 'slither', 'slippery', 'lithe' and 'sly'. A French translation that uses 'lubricilleux' for 'slithy', evokes French words like 'lubrifier' (to lubricate) to requite an impression of a meaning similar to that of Carroll's word. In his exploration of the translation challenge, Hofstadter asks "what if a discussion does exist, but it is very intellectual-sounding and Latinate ('lubricilleux'), rather than earthy and Anglo-Saxon ('slithy')? Perhaps 'huilasse' would be amend than 'lubricilleux'? Or does the Latin origin of the word 'lubricilleux' not make itself felt to a speaker of French in the mode that information technology would if information technology were an English discussion ('lubricilious', maybe)? ".[34]

Hofstadter also notes that it makes a great difference whether the poem is translated in isolation or as function of a translation of the novel. In the latter example the translator must, through Humpty Dumpty, supply explanations of the invented words. But, he suggests, "even in this pathologically difficult case of translation, there seems to exist some rough equivalence obtainable, a kind of rough isomorphism, partly global, partly local, between the brains of all the readers".[34]

In 1967, D.G. Orlovskaya wrote a popular Russian translation of "Jabberwocky" entitled "Barmaglot" ("Бармаглот"). She translated "Barmaglot" for "Jabberwock", "Brandashmyg" for "Bandersnatch" while "myumsiki" ("мюмзики") echoes "mimsy". Full translations of "Jabberwocky" into French and High german can exist constitute in The Annotated Alice forth with a give-and-take of why some translation decisions were made.[35] Chao Yuen Ren, a Chinese linguist, translated the poem into Chinese[36] past inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford of National Public Radio refers to equally the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original".[37] Satyajit Ray, a motion picture-maker, translated the work into Bengali[38] and concrete poet Augusto de Campos created a Brazilian Portuguese version. There is also an Standard arabic translation[39] by Wael Al-Mahdi, and at to the lowest degree two into Croatian.[40] Multiple translations into Latin were fabricated within the first weeks of Carroll'southward original publication.[41] In a 1964 article, M. L. W published two versions of the verse form in Aboriginal Greek that exemplify the corresponding styles of the epic poets Homer and Nonnus.[42]

Sample translations [edit]

Sources:[43] [44] [45]

Bulgarian
(Lazar Goldman & Stefan Gechev) 		Danish one
(Mogens Jermiin Nissen)
Jabberwocky 		Danish two
(Arne Herløv Petersen)
Kloppervok
Бе сгладне и честлинните комбурси
търляха се и сврецваха във плите;
съвсем окласни бяха тук щурпите
и отма равапсатваха прасурси.
Et slidigt gravben vridrede
i brumringen på tidvis plent,
og lappingen var vaklig, og
det borte grøfgrin grent.
I glummert lys den slyge spæg
stod gomrende og glim.
I børkens dyb stod mamren fjæg
og bungrede i skim.
Esperanto
(Marjorie Boulton)
La Ĵargonbesto 		Turkish
(Nihal Yeğinobalı)
Ejdercenkname 		Finnish one
(Kirsi Kunnas & Eeva-Liisa Mode, 1974)
Pekoraali
Brilumis, kaj la ŝlirtaj melfoj
en la iejo ĝiris, ŝraŭis;
mizaris la maldikdudelfoj,
forfuraj ratjoj vaŭis.
akşamözdü, yavışkan burguleler
döndeleyip cermelerken günsatba
uyudüşmüş kalmışlardı karpüsler
yemizler derseniz ak-ök begirba
On illanpaisto, ja silkavat saijat
luopoissa pirkeinä myörien ponkii:
surheisna kaikk' kirjuvat lorokaijat
ja vossut lonkaloisistansa ulos vonkii.
Finnish ii
(Matti Rosvall, 1999)
Jabberwocky[46] 		Finnish iii
(Alice Martin, 2010)
Monkerias 		French
(Frank L. Warrin)
Kyryissä mäiden myryt parvat
ripoen kormivat pällyissään.
Vilhujen borogrovien karvat
talsoivat – ne niin sällyissään.
Jo koitti kuumon aika, ja viukkaat puhvenet
päinillä harpitellen kieruloivat,
haipeloina seisoksivat varakuhvenet,
ja öksyt muvut kaikki hinkuroivat.
Il brilgue: les tôves lubricilleux
Se gyrent en vrillant dans le guave.
Enmîmés sont les gougebosqueux
Et le mômerade horsgrave.
Georgian
(Giorgi Gokieli)
ტარტალოკი 		German
(Robert Scott) 		Hebrew 1
(Aharon Amir)
פִּטְעוֹנִי
მიმწუხარშდა. მოქნიალა სლუკები
ზილობდნენ და ძვრიალებდნენ მარეხვში;
საბუდავად ცხოვდნენ ბარდალუკები,
ვით ფშუნები სურდაბილის გარეშე.
Es brillig war. Die schlichten Toven
Wirrten und wimmelten in Waben;
Und aller-mümsige Burggoven
Die mohmen Räth' ausgraben.
בְעֵת בָשָק וּשְלֵי פַחְזָר,
בּאַפְסֵי חָק סָבְסוּ, מָקְדוּ,
אוֹ אָז חִלְכֵן הָיָה נִמְזַר,
וּמְתֵי עָרָן כּרְדוּ.
Hebrew 2
(Rina Litvin)
גֶּבֶרִיקָא 		Icelandic
(Valdimar Briem)
Rausuvokkskviða 		Irish gaelic
(Nicholas Williams)
An Gheabairleog
הִבְרִיל כְבָר, זַחְלָצִים קְלִיחִים
חָגְווּ וְעָגוּ בַשְבִילֵל,
מַסִים הָיוּ הַסְמַרְלַחִים
וְחֶזְרוֹנִי צִרְלֵל.
Það leið að stekju, og slýgir greðlar
sig snældu og böluðu um slöffruna,
og angurvært sungu sópfiðrungar
við sífgelt týðmana svíræna.
Briollaic a bhí ann; bhí na tóibhí sleo
ag gírleáil 'south ag gimleáil ar an taof.
B'an-chuama go deo na borragóibh
is bhí na rádaí miseacha ag braíomh.
Italian
(Adriana Crespi)
Il ciarlestrone 		Latin
(Hassard H. Dodgson)
Gaberbocchus 		Smoothen
(Janusz Korwin-Mikke)
Żabrołak
Era brillosto, e gli alacridi tossi
succhiellavano scabbi nel pantúle:
Méstili eran tutti i paparossi,
eastward strombavan musando i tartarocchi.
Hora aderat briligi. Nunc et Slythia Tova
Plurima gyrabant gymbolitare vabo;
Et Borogovorum mimzebant undique formae,
Momiferique omnes exgrabuere Rathi.
Błyszniało – szlisgich hopuch świr
Tęczując w kałdach świtrzem wre,
Mizgłupny był borolągw hyr,
Chrząszczury wlizły młe.[47]
Portuguese 1
(Augusto de Campos, 1980)
Jaguadarte[48] 		Portuguese ii
(Oliveira Ribeiro Neto, 1984)
Algaravia[49] 		Portuguese 3
(Ricardo Gouveia)
Blablassauro[49]
Era briluz. As lesmolisas touvas
Roldavam e reviam nos gramilvos.
Estavam mimsicais as pintalouvas,
East os momirratos davam grilvos.
Era o auge due east as rolas brilhantes
Pelo ar giravam, giravam.
Palhaços davam pinotes,
Os montes se amontoava.
Brilumia e colescosos touvos
No capimtanal se giroscavam;
Miquíticos eram bone burrogouvos,
E os mamirathos extrapitavam.
Russian
(Dina Orlovskaya) 		Spanish 1
(Ulalume González de León)
El Jabberwocky 		Spanish 2
(Adolfo de Alba)
El Jabberwocky
Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки
Пырялись по наве,
И хрюкотали зелюки,
Как мюмзики в мове.
Era la parrillhora y los flexiosos tovos
en el cesplejos giroscopiaban, vibrhoradaban.
Frivoserables estaban los borogovos
y los verchinos telehogariados relinchiflaban.
Era la asarvesperia y los flexilimosos toves
giroscopiaban taledrando en el vade;
debilmiseros estaban los borogoves;
bramatchisilban los verdilechos parde.
Spanish iii
(Ramón Buckley, 1984)
El Fablistanón 		Welsh
(Selyf Roberts)
Siaberwoci 		American Sign Language (ASL)

(Eric Malzkuhn, 1939)

Borgotaba. Los viscoleantes toves
rijando en la solea, tadralaban...
Misébiles estaban los borgoves
y algo momios los verdos bratchilbaban
Mae'n brydgell ac mae'r brochgim stwd
Yn gimblo a gyrian yn y mhello:
Pob cólomrws yn féddabwd,
A'r hoch oma'north chwibruo.
 Due to no written linguistic communication in ASL, view video to see translation of Jabberwocky. (Performed in 1994)

Run into this link for explanation of techniques used by Eric Malzkuhn|}

Reception [edit]

According to Chesterton and Green and others, the original purpose of "Jabberwocky" was to satirise both pretentious verse and ignorant literary critics. It was designed as poetry showing how not to write verse, but eventually became the subject of pedestrian translation or explanation and incorporated into classroom learning.[50] It has also been interpreted as a parody of gimmicky Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Primary of Balliol, came to sign the Thirty-Nine Articles, as an Anglican statement of faith, to save his job.[51] The transformation of audience perception from satire to seriousness was in a large role predicted by G. Chiliad. Chesterton, who wrote in 1932, "Poor, poor, little Alice! She has not just been caught and made to practice lessons; she has been forced to inflict lessons on others."[52]

Information technology is oftentimes now cited as one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English,[three] [ii] the source for countless parodies and tributes. In almost cases the writers have changed the nonsense words into words relating to the parodied discipline, as in Frank Jacobs'due south "If Lewis Carroll Were a Hollywood Press Agent in the Thirties" in Mad for Better or Verse.[53] Other writers utilize the verse form as a form, much like a sonnet, and create their own words for it as in "Strunklemiss" by Shay Chiliad. Azoulay[54] or the poem "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" recited by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz in Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker'southward Guide to the Galaxy, a 1979 volume which contains numerous other references and homages to Carroll's work.[55]

Oh freddled gruntbuggly thy micturations are to me
Equally plurdled gabbleblotchits on a lurgid bee.
Groop I implore thee my foonting turlingdromes
And hooptiously drangle me with crinkly bindlewurdles,
Or I will rend thee in the gobberwarts with my
blurglecruncheon, see if I don't![55] [56]

Some of the words that Carroll created, such equally "chortled" and "galumphing", have entered the English language and are listed in the Oxford English Lexicon. The give-and-take "jabberwocky" itself has come to refer to nonsense language.

In American Sign Language, Eric Malzkuhn invented the sign for "chortled". Information technology unintentionally defenseless on and became a office of American Sign Language's lexicon as well.[57]

Media [edit]

A song chosen "Beware the Jabberwock" was written for Disney's Alice in Wonderland (1951), but it was discarded, replaced with "'Twas Brillig", sung by the Cheshire True cat, that includes the showtime stanza of "Jabberwocky".

The Alice in Wonderland sculpture in Primal Park in Manhattan, New York City, has at its base of operations, among other inscriptions, a line from "Jabberwocky".[58]

The British group Boeing Duveen and The Cute Soup released a single (1968) chosen "Jabberwock" based on the poem.[59] Singer and songwriter Donovan put the poem to music on his album HMS Donovan (1971).

The poem was a source of inspiration for Jan Švankmajer'south 1971 short pic Žvahlav aneb šatičky slaměného Huberta or (Jabberwocky), and Terry Gilliam'south 1977 moving picture of the same proper noun.

In 1972, the American composer Sam Pottle put the poem to music.[threescore] The stage musical Jabberwocky (1973) past Andrew Kay, Malcolm Middleton and Peter Phillips, follows the basic plot of the verse form.[61] [62] Keyboardists Clive Nolan and Oliver Wakeman released a musical version Jabberwocky (1999) with the poem read in segments by Rick Wakeman.[ citation needed ] British contemporary lieder group Autumn in Green set up the verse form to music for a single release (2021) on Cornutopia Music.[63] [64]

In 1980 The Muppet Show staged a full version of "Jabberwocky" for TV viewing, with the Jabberwock and other creatures played by Muppets closely based on Tenniel'due south original illustrations. According to Jaques and Giddens, it distinguished itself by stressing the sense of humor and nonsense of the poem.[65]

"The Jabberwocky" (rather than "The Jabberwock") is a fundamental character in Tim Burton'southward Alice in Wonderland (2010), voiced by Christopher Lee. An abridged version of the poem is spoken by the Mad Hatter (played by Johnny Depp).[66] [67]

See likewise [edit]

  • Works based on Alice in Wonderland
  • Translations of Through the Looking-Glass

References [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Carroll, Lewis (2010) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass pp 64–65 Createspace ltd ISBN one-4505-7761-X
  2. ^ a b Gardner, Martin (1999). The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition. New York, NY: W. Due west. Norton and Company. Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.
  3. ^ a b Rundus, Raymond J. (Oct 1967). ""O Frabjous Day!": Introducing Poetry". The English Journal. National Council of Teachers of English. 56 (7): 958–963. doi:10.2307/812632. JSTOR 812632.
  4. ^ "Lewis Carroll juvenilia: 'Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry' - The British Library". Bl.u.k.. 16 Apr 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  5. ^ A Town Like Alice'due south (1997) Michael Bute Heritage Publications, Sunderland
  6. ^ Alice in Sunderland (2007) Brian Talbot Nighttime Equus caballus publications.
  7. ^ "Vikings and the Jabberwock: Croft, Sockburn and Sadberge". Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  8. ^ "The World Turned Upside Downwardly (18th century)". The Public Domain Review. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  9. ^ Carpenter (1985), 55–56
  10. ^ a b c d "Jabberwocky dorsum to Onetime English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" by Lucas, Peter J. in Linguistic communication History and Linguistic Modelling (1997) p503-520 ISBN 978-3-11-014504-5
  11. ^ a b Hudson, Derek (1977) Lewis Carroll: an illustrated biography. Crown Publishers, 76
  12. ^ Ronald Reichertz (2000). The Making of the Alice Books: Lewis Carroll'due south Uses of Earlier Children'south Literature. McGill-Queen'due south Printing. p. 99. ISBN0-7735-2081-3.
  13. ^ Martin Gardner (2000) The Annotated Alice. New York: Norton p 154, n. 42.
  14. ^ ""Hamlet and Jabberwocky" Essays by Sean Palmer 21 Aug 2005". Inamidst.com. 21 August 2005. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  15. ^ Carroll makes later reference to the same lines from Hamlet Act I, Scene i in the 1869 poem "Phantasmagoria". He wrote: "Shakspeare [sic] I think information technology is who treats/Of Ghosts, in days of old,/Who 'gibbered in the Roman streets".
  16. ^ a b Prickett, Stephen (2005) Victorian Fantasy Baylor University Press p80 ISBN one-932792-30-9
  17. ^ a b c Parsons, Marnie (1994) Touch monkeys: nonsense strategies for reading twentieth-century poetry, pp. 67–73. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2983-3
  18. ^ a b c d e f one thousand h i Carroll, Lewis (1998). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Wordsworth Editions. pp. 198–199. ISBN1-85326-897-six.
  19. ^ a b c d due east f g h i j thou l m Carroll, Lewis (Writer), Tenniel, John (2003). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, pp. 328–331. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-xiv-143976-ix
  20. ^ Carroll, Lewis (2005) Through the Looking Drinking glass. Hayes Barton Printing p. 4
  21. ^ a b c d e f Lewis Carroll (2006) [1876]. The Annotated Hunting of the Snark. edited with notes by Martin Gardner, illustrations by Henry Holiday and others, introduction by Adam Gopnik (Definitive ed.). Due west. W. Norton. ISBN0-393-06242-ii.
  22. ^ a b c d due east Carroll, Lewis (2009). "Explanatory notes". In Hunt, Peter (ed.). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. OUP Oxford. p. 283. ISBN978-0-19-955829-2. References the Oxford English Dictionary (1530).
  23. ^ a b Lewis Carroll, Letter to Maud Standen, December 1877
  24. ^ The Merriam-Webster new book of discussion histories. Merriam Webster. 1991. p. 247. ISBN0-87779-603-3.
  25. ^ Lewis Carroll, Roger Lancelyn Green (1998). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland; And, Through the Looking-glass and what Alice Found There. John Tenniel Oxford University Press. p. 269. ISBN978-0-xix-283374-7.
  26. ^ From the preface to Through the Looking-Drinking glass.
  27. ^ George, Ken. An Gerlyver Meur, Cornish-English, English-Cornish Lexicon. Cornish Language Board, 2009. Part One, Cornish-English, p. 624.
  28. ^ Gardner, Martin, ed. (1971) [1960]. The Annotated Alice. New York: The Earth Publishing Company. pp. 195–196.
  29. ^ Collins definition
  30. ^ Gross and McDowell (1996). Sound and class in modern poetry, p. 15. The University of Michigan Printing. ISBN 0-472-06517-iii
  31. ^ For a total linguistic and phonetic assay of the verse form run into the article "Jabberwocky back to Sometime English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" by Lucas, Peter J. in Language History and Linguistic Modelling, pp. 503–520. 1997. ISBN 3-11-014504-ix
  32. ^ Lim, Keith. "Jabberwocky Variations: Translations". 76.pair.com . Retrieved 21 October 2007.
  33. ^ Lindseth, Jon A. – Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.): Alice in a Earth of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll's Masterpiece, vol. I, p. 747. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-58456-331-0.
  34. ^ a b Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1980). "Translations of Jabberwocky". Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN0-394-74502-7.
  35. ^ One thousand. Gardner, ed., The Annotated Alice, 1960; London: Penguin 1970, p. 193f.
  36. ^ Chao, Yuen Ren (1969). "Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation With Special Reference to Chinese". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Plant. 29: 109–130. doi:10.2307/2718830. JSTOR 2718830.
  37. ^ Gifford, Rob. "The Peachy Wall of the Mind." Prc Road. Random Firm. 2008. 237.
  38. ^ Robinson, Andrew (2004) Satyajit Ray. I.B. Tauris p29
  39. ^ Wael Al-Mahdi (2010) Jabberwocky in Standard arabic
  40. ^ "Priča o Hudodraku, Karazubu i Jabberwockyju" (in Croatian). Kulturtreger / KK Booksa. 24 September 2011.
  41. ^ Vansittart, Augustus Arthur (1872). Zaroff, Ruth Ann (ed.). "Mors Iabrochii". Jabberwocky (in Latin). London.
  42. ^ Thou. L. West, "Two Versions of Jabberwocky", Hellenic republic & Rome Vol. 11 No. 2, October 1964, pp. 185-187.
  43. ^ "Jabberwocky Variations". waxdog.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  44. ^ "jabberwocky/translations". 76.pair.com. Retrieved eleven August 2016.
  45. ^ Carrol, Lewis (1984). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice institute there [Las Aventuras de Alicia] (in Castilian). Translated past Buckley, Ramón. Anaya. ISBN84-7525-171-4.
  46. ^ This rendering comes from Rosvall'south Finnish translation of Frederic Brown'southward novel Night of the Jabberwock (Syntipukin yö).
  47. ^ "jabberwocky". home.agh.edu.pl. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  48. ^ Argenta, Marinice; Maggio, Sandra Sirangelo (26 June 2019). "O enigma de "Jabberwocky" na tradução de Augusto de Campos para o português brasileiro". Letrônica. 12 (1): 32027. doi:ten.15448/1984-4301.2019.1.32027.
  49. ^ a b "A arte de traduzir Lewis Carroll – Revista Bravo – Blog da Psicologia da Educação". Blog da Psicologia da Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). UFRGS. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  50. ^ Greenish, Roger Lancelyn (1970) The Lewis Carroll Handbook, "Jabberwocky, and other parodies" : Dawson of Drape Mall, London
  51. ^ Prickett, Stephen (2005) Victorian Fantasy Baylor Academy Press p113 ISBN ane-932792-30-ix
  52. ^ Chesterton, Yard. K (1953) "Lewis Carroll" in A Scattering of Authors, ed. Dorothy Collins, Sheed and Ward, London
  53. ^ Jacobs, Frank (1968) Mad, for better or verse Due north.A.L
  54. ^ "Strunklemiss". smylesandfish.com.
  55. ^ a b Robert McFarlane (12 August 2001). ""Lewis Carroll in cyberspace" Guardian 12 August 2001". The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  56. ^ "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz. In Adams, Douglas (1988) Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Pocket Books p65 ISBN 0-671-74606-5
  57. ^ "Eric Malzkuhn – March 2016 - Sorenson VRS". sorensonvrs.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019.
  58. ^ Rebecca Fishbein (16 April 2015). "The 16 All-time Public Fine art Pieces in NYC". Gothamist.
  59. ^ "Boeing Duveen and the Beautiful Soup". discogs.
  60. ^ "Jabberwocky Sam Pottle". sheetmusicplus.com.
  61. ^ National Library of Australia (1974). Catalogue entry. Canberra, Human activity: Printed by the Lodge of Undergraduates, Academy of Western Commonwealth of australia. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  62. ^ Music Australia. "Catalogue entry". Sydney, NSW. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  63. ^ "Release group "Jabberwocky" by Fall in Dark-green - MusicBrainz".
  64. ^ "Autumn in Green - Jabberwocky [Official Video]". YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
  65. ^ Jaques, Zoe; Giddens, Eugene (vi May 2016). Carroll's Alice'south Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass: A publishing History. Routledge. p. 207.
  66. ^ "Review: Tim Burton'southward Alice in Wonderland - Bryan Young". HuffPost. 3 May 2010.
  67. ^ Alice In Wonderland Archived 14 January 2013 at the Wayback Car, contour, Sainsbury'south entertainment

Sources [edit]

  • Carpenter, Humphrey (1985). Secret Gardens: The Golden Historic period of Children's Literature. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35293-2 Medievil 1998 sony playstation 1

Further reading [edit]

  • Alakay-Gut, Karen. "Carroll'due south Jabberwocky". Explicator, Autumn 1987. Volume 46, outcome 1.
  • Borchers, Melanie. "A Linguistic Assay of Lewis Carroll's Poem 'Jabberwocky'". The Carrollian: The Lewis Carroll Journal. Autumn 2009, No. 24, pp. iii–46. ISSN 1462-6519.
  • Dolitsky, Marlene (1984). Under the tumtum tree: from nonsense to sense, a study in nonautomatic comprehension. J. Benjamins Pub. Co. Amsterdam, Philadelphia
  • Gardner, Martin (1999). The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition. New York: W .W. Norton and Company.
  • Green, Roger Lancelyn (1970). The Lewis Carroll Handbook, "Jabberwocky, and other parodies" : Dawson of Pall Mall, London
  • Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1980). "Translations of Jabberwocky". Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN0-394-74502-seven.
  • Lucas, Peter J. (1997). "Jabberwocky back to One-time English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" in Linguistic communication History and Linguistic Modelling. ISBN 978-3-11-014504-five.
  • Richards, Fran. "The Poetic Construction of Jabberwocky". Jabberwocky: The Journal of the Lewis Carroll Social club. 8:1 (1978/79):xvi–19.

External links [edit]

  • Jabberwocky public domain audiobook at LibriVox
  • Essay: "Translations of Jabberwocky". Douglas R. Hofstadter, 1980 from Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid ISBN 0-394-74502-7, Vintage Books, New York
  • BBC Video (2 mins), "Jabberwocky" read past English actor Brian Blessed
  • Jabberwocky on YouTube read by English author Neil Gaiman
  • Verse Foundation Biography of Lewis Carroll
  • The Lewis Carroll Journal published by The Lewis Carroll Gild.
  • Jabberwocky past composer Sam Pottle

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky